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Articles

Defensive Pessimism: The Case for (Sometimes) Expecting the Worst

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

October 16, 2026

30 Hits

Before a big presentation, you tell yourself it’s going to go terribly. Before an exam, you’re sure you’ll fail. If that sounds familiar, you may be using a well-studied strategy called defensive pessimism.

Anxious black girl studying for an exam at a library in New York

Understanding and Managing Test Anxiety

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

September 29, 2026

69 Hits

Feeling worried and stressed about an upcoming exam is something most students know well. Assessments tend to stir up anxious emotions, which can lead to underperformance and disappointment on test day.

The Psychology of Note Taking

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

September 15, 2026

92 Hits

At some point in every student's education, quality note taking becomes essential for test preparation, content absorption, and academic success.

A group of happy children and teenagers playing outdoors in a sunlit green park during summer vacation.

The Mental Health Benefits of Summer for Children and Teens

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

July 02, 2026

150 Hits

As the school year winds down and summer begins, many families notice a shift not just in schedule, but in mood. There is real science behind why so many children, teens, and adults feel lighter and happier during the summer months. From increased sunlight to more time for pla...

Understanding Group Socialization Theory: How Peer Groups Shape Childhood and Adolescent Development

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

June 17, 2026

271 Hits

Most parenting advice operates on the assumption that the way you raise your child determines who they become. But what if that assumption is wrong?

Born This Way? Birth Order, Personality, and the Limits of the Theory

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

May 18, 2026

174 Hits

Are you the responsible oldest child, the peace-keeping middle child, or the free-spirited youngest?

The Roots of Kindness: How Prosocial Behavior Develops in Children

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

April 28, 2026

198 Hits

Prosocial behaviors are defined as “voluntary acts intended to benefit others” (Hammond, 2026).

Understanding and Supporting Highly Sensitive Children

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

February 23, 2026

363 Hits

Approximately 15–20% of children have complex emotional and behavioral traits that identify them as Highly Sensitive Children (HSC). From an evolutionary perspective, these children possess increased nervous system reactivity and heightened "fight or flight" responses.

Co-Regulation: Working Together to Find Calm

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

February 25, 2026

200 Hits

When emotions are high and reactions are intense, initiating a self-soothing ritual can feel impossible.

Sleep Hygiene for Children

Madeline Gottlob, B.A.

February 12, 2026

288 Hits

Quality sleep is essential at all ages, but it plays a particularly critical role in children's development. Adequate sleep supports school performance, extracurricular participation, immune function, stress reduction, and the consolidation of newly learned information. How M...